FTX Trilogy, Part 2: Speedrun

Access to new, never before shared data illuminates a crypto behemoth.

FTX is set to be one of the most consequential companies of the next decade. The Generalist received unparalleled access to the cryptocurrency exchange's internal data, which sheds new light on its operations and ambitious. Over three briefings, we're unpacking the man at the helm, the company itself, and its future. This is Part Two. You can find Part One, here.

MrCheeze had a bad July.

A year earlier, the gamer had made a bet: no one would ever finish The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time in less than 7 minutes. It just wasn’t possible.

Savestate, another gamer, took up the gauntlet. It would take a flawless performance to succeed, he knew — no wasted button presses, or flubbed movements. In the end, he triumphed with just fractions of a second to spare. On July 22, Savestate completed Zelda in 6:59.767.

Why would anyone do this?

Savestate and MrCheeze are “speedrunners,” — players that aim to complete games as rapidly as possible, often in the hopes of setting a new record. People have speedran all manner of games including Super Mario 64 (1 hour 38 minutes 21 seconds), Sonic the Hedgehog (54 minutes 17 seconds), and Grand Theft Auto V (5 hours 49 minutes 8 seconds).

While the goal of speedrunning is, explicitly: go fast, it takes a lot more than that to be successful. As much as being fleet-fingered, speedrunning is about knowing what you can afford to ignore, to miss out on, and still win. The goal is not to reach the game’s conclusion with the protagonist’s coffers swollen and every sidequest finished, but simply to arrive.

In both its strengths and deficits, FTX reads like a kind of speedrun. In just 26 months, the company has secured an $18 billion valuation, becoming one of the most popular crypto exchanges in the world. That makes it one of the fastest companies ever on a value accrual basis, besting legendary businesses like Coinbase, Stripe, Square, and Slack.

But like every speedrunner, to achieve that velocity, FTX has had to make concessions. In particular, the exchange has played fast and loose with regulation, shrugged off accusations of conflicts of interest, and largely ignored retail traders.

Those lapses may take a toll. Believers will note that the company seems to have the capital, connections, and will to resolve its most significant problems. Of course, only time will tell how effective FTX is in filling the gaps.

Today, we’ll explore different dimensions of the FTX empire, with the help of never-before-seen data on the business. Our investigation will touch upon:

Let’s get to it.

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It’s hard to know what a company looked like in its early days. Thanks to Race Capital, readers can get an inside look of what FTX looked like to the early investor. The team at Race agreed to share their investment memo with The Generalist, making it public for the first time.

You can review it in its entirety here, and we’ll discuss some of the main takeaways, below.

The contours of FTX seem clear even at this early stage. As the memo highlights, this is a fast executing team riding scalding product-market fit. FTX grew daily trading volume from $50 million to $150 million in less than two weeks. It jumped to $300 million two weeks after that.

The level of product innovation is also notable. A snapshot from the memo outlines the pace of development.

From this list alone, FTX’s product demonstrates admirable creativity, as well as a frightening affection for risk. Offering futures for altcoins within the first few months of operating is not the kind of move a more cautious exchange like Coinbase would make; neither is offering 101x leverage given the riskiness of such investments.

This product suite makes more sense when considering FTX’s market. Race Capital summarizes the state of play in 2019, noting that though crypto futures markets saw similar volume to spot markets, they remained much less competitive.

FTX had an avenue of attack. That was helped by the turmoil at one of the futures market’s dominant exchanges: BitMEX. Under investigation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) for serving US customers, the exchange had seen a “spike in net-outflow.” FTX was positioned to capitalize.

Finally, Race Capital notes the conflict of interest that spooked other investors. At least one crypto capitalist mentioned to me that the connection between FTX and Alameda dissuaded them from investing in this round. The primary fear, as we articulated in Part One, was that FTX would offer preferential terms to Alameda — it’s unclear whether this happened. The possibility for distraction as leadership operated two organizations simultaneously was also of concern.

Despite these worries, Race Capital led the $8 million round, joined by Lemniscap, One Block, FBG, and others. So far, that faith has been extraordinarily repaid. In the following sections, we’ll analyze the company from the ground up to try and understand its $18 billion valuation. First, we need to explain what we mean when we refer to “FTX.”

FTX is not a monolith. Unlike most of its age, the company is really a constellation of different entities that formally and informally interact.

The central nodes of this network are Alameda and FTX.

Alameda is a crypto investment firm. It was founded by Sam Bankman-Fried (SBF), Gary Wang, and Nishad Singh to capitalize on the arbitrage opportunity presented in the Asian markets in late 2017. It has grown in the intervening years, becoming one of the most influential allocators in the ecosystem, investing directly in protocols as well as private companies. Several sources confirmed that Alameda may be the single largest investor in the crypto ecosystem, trading billions in assets a day.

As we’ve discussed, Alameda was FTX's primary market maker in its early days, providing liquidity. The firm makes up a much smaller percentage of volume today, as we'll see later.

FTX is a cryptocurrency exchange. The company was incorporated in Antigua and Barbuda, but is headquartered in Hong Kong. As we mentioned last week, this provenance is not accidental. Hong Kong has historically been much friendlier to the cryptocurrency sector than the US.

FTX includes two subsidiaries: FTX.com and FTX.us.

For most people, FTX.com is what comes to mind when the name “FTX” is evoked. This is the company’s fullest featured product, but for regulatory reasons, it is not available in the United States. When we discuss the product suite in a moment, we will mostly be referring to FTX.com.

FTX.us is a watered-down version of the global platform. In that respect, it has a similar relationship to FTX.com as BinanceUS does to Binance’s better known, global offering.

Now is where things get really confusing. In August of last year, FTX acquired Blockfolio, a crypto news and portfolio tracking app. We’ll talk more about the implications of the purchase later. But just last week, the company shared that it was rebranding Blockfolio to...FTX. C’mon guys.

For the sake of our sanity, we’ll refer to Blockfolio by its original moniker, and unless explicitly noted, FTX will mean FTX.com.

Across these venues, FTX offers its own token: FTT. Much like Binance’s BNB, FTT grants discounts on fees, along with other benefits. If you choose to stake FTT, perks include enhanced voting power, bonus NFTs, airdropped rewards, and further rebates. FTT can be used towards an account’s collateral requirements, too, something we’ll unpack in a moment. To maintain scarcity and create pricing pressure, FTX “buys and burns” FTT.

Finally, there’s Serum, a decentralized exchange (DEX) founded by FTX and Alameda. Unlike Uniswap or Sushiswap, Serum is built on Solana rather than Ethereum, which allows for faster throughput. Just as it did with FTX, Alameda will provide liquidity on Serum, with FTX routing some of its flow to the DEX.

That’s a lot to take in, but should become clearer as we unpack the business. With context set and definitions settled, it’s time to delve into the product.

Why start a cryptocurrency exchange?

By the time SBF considered building in the space, fearsome competitors abounded. Coinbase had raised more than $500 million in funding, Binance was moving more than $1 billion on hot days, and BitMEX was winning the derivatives war.

As we’ve noted, much of SBF’s decision rose from dissatisfaction with the current offerings, but it was also a reflection of where power resides in the crypto ecosystem. Though a competitive space, exchanges represent the sector’s heart. They serve as on-ramp, capital hub, and data source. If SBF sought greater influence and impact, there was no better product to build than an exchange.

FTX has become the home of the market’s most vigorous traders. It’s done so by building a performant core, providing high leverage, and offering access to unique markets. It has also shown a willingness to extend its empire through new products.

Across my interviews, this was mentioned again and again: FTX just works. Informed by their expertise at Alameda, SBF and his team have built an exchange perfectly suited for the serious trader.

That starts with reliability. One source (not an investor) noted that FTX is the most dependable exchange on the market, remaining open even during trading peaks that have shuttered others. That’s managed by strictly budgeting users' API calls: roughly 20 trades can be made per second on the platform. This represents a limitation for some — to accommodate, FTX adjusts this budget based on account size and activity.

Sources also expressed affection for FTX’s liquidity and risk engines. While the former is apparently especially good at reducing clawbacks (losses covered by an exchange’s clients, as occurred on competitor OKEx), it’s the latter that garnered most praise in my conversations.

Unlike other exchanges, FTX allows for “cross-margining.” That means that multiple currencies including USD, BTC, ETH, AAVE, XRP and dozens of others, are counted as contributing to a user’s collateral. This is a meaningful improvement. Most exchanges treat cryptocurrencies separately, meaning that your collateral is calculated on an asset-by-asset basis. For investors looking for leverage, rules like this present a hassle: either your margin is lower than it should be since just a fraction of holdings are included, or you have to go through the pain of shifting from one asset to another.

Part of FTX’s popularity is due to the leverage it offers traders. Thanks to the risk engine described above, it is able to provide a higher margin with less work, relative to other exchanges.

For most of its brief history, FTX has offered 101x leverage. Hypothetically, that meant that if a trader added $100,000 to their account, they could invest $10.1 million. While winning trades can make a huge sum of money thanks to this leverage, losers can find themselves quickly buried by a bad bet.

After its most recent fundraising round, FTX noted it was reducing the available leverage on the platform to 20x. As part of the announcement, the company revealed that leveraged trading makes up a relatively small portion of volume on the platform. Per SBF, the average investment on margin was 2x at the time of the update.

Though the change was reportedly made to encourage “responsible trading,” a 20x leverage limit still puts FTX on the high side. Huobi recently reduced available leverage from 125x to 5x, with both OKEx and Kraken offering the same limit. Bitfinex offers 10x.

FTX is not alone in this elevated position, of course. Binance followed suit shortly after SBF’s announcement, also choosing a 20x limit, down from 100x. BitMEX still offers 100x on certain contracts.

Data from company sites

Though perhaps not the main reason behind FTX’s success, its provision of leverage has nevertheless played a role. As the company looks to court a more cautious audience and stricter geographies, a milder approach seems necessary.

If Coinbase is the normie of crypto exchanges, FTX isn’t afraid to play the hipster. Yes, the platform offers both spot and futures, but it also caters to those with more eccentric tastes.

Want to dabble in lumber futures? Great.

Looking to bet on a Trump 2024 run? No problem.

Interested in speculating on an upcoming IPO? Come this way.

FTX is a truly creative exchange, one that seems to constantly be looking for new opportunities to offer. That lumber market, for example, was spun up just a day after FTX started receiving user requests. It reportedly took only 2 hours of work. This is what becomes possible when a culture is aligned around experimentation, and a market maker like Alameda is on hand to provide liquidity.

Beyond spot and futures trading, FTX offers access to the following markets:

There’s good reason why one FTX investor referred to the company’s product innovation as “ridiculous.”

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The company seems to be showing typical daring with some of its newer bets. Though the markets mentioned above represent the core offering, FTX is not content to sit on its laurels.

One indication of this is the platform’s experimentation with NFTs. FTX offers a system for creators to upload and sell their creative wares. Given the state of the page, it seems to be a relatively new experiment — the majority of items for sale are FTX branded, including hoodies, water bottles, caps, and of course, a set of FTX condoms printed with the words “increased liquidity for a smoother experience.” Yikes.

(At least the purchaser can be sure it is the rare contraception with 100% efficacy: anyone who sees it is sure to run for the hills.)

More palatably, bidders can purchase a $1 million lunch with SBF, or snag a limited edition Travis Scott t-shirt. (Interestingly, the FTX.us version of this page almost exclusively offers NFL player cards.)

Are these NFTs?

It’s a fair question. Most fail to demonstrate true exclusivity and veer away from the collectibles and digital artwork the form has favored.

Does this suggest FTX has broader aspirations? Will this page become a sort of crypto Craigslist? It seems unlikely. For now, the company's NFT product feels like the rough v1. In time, FTX may hope it can rival specialized platforms like OpenSea.

FTX Pay is similarly inchoate, though it benefits from a clearer product sense. Here, FTX seems eager to pick up where Stripe left off. The Collisons decided to end support for bitcoin payments in 2018. While a return to crypto is rumored, FTX will hope that their expertise in the sector gives them a wedge.

FTX Pay represents the first attempted incursion. With a simple widget, users can accept payment in either fiat or crypto, receiving funds in a digital wallet. Of course, FTX notes that using a company account is “recommended,” perhaps foreshadowing broader business-facing features.

In total, FTX has succeeded in building an empire that is both extremely reliable and overtly experimental. That’s proven a good fit for its customer base.

“It’s a sharky market,” one source said of FTX.

When I asked what that meant, they explained that, unlike Coinbase, for example, the average user on the platform is a serious trader, often a professional. That means that, particularly when it comes to more baroque investments, users should be wary of the heft of the person on the other side of a given trade.

This impression corresponds with SBF’s account. He noted that FTX has a “disproportionate share of the large traders” with the majority of volume coming from users moving more than $10 million a day.

While this is a useful qualitative introduction to FTX’s customer base, we can go deeper. In researching this piece, we gained unprecedented access to FTX’s user data and metrics, thanks to leadership’s cooperation. For the sake of clarity, The Generalist made no promises (explicit or implied) to access this information, and FTX’s team did not seek any assurances about the tone or content of our coverage.

As of June 17 of this year, FTX counted 1.25 million retail users, of which 130,000 actively trade on a monthly basis (10%). A further 2,700 institutional clients use the platform, with 1,017 trading monthly (38%).

As you might imagine, there’s much greater parity between retail and institutions when speaking of volume and to a lesser extent, revenue. Retail contributed $372 billion in average monthly volume with $43 million in revenue. Institutions drove $446 billion for $23 million in revenue.

From this data, we can infer that the average active retail customer trades roughly $3 million per month, and contributes $337 in revenue. Active institutions average $439 million in monthly volume, bringing in $23,000 in revenue.

While such figures move along with the market, the numbers give us an indication of the base’s complexion.

We can get a still clearer picture by looking at concentration of volume, learning whether FTX is powered by a select group of whales, or schools of minnows.

One rather curious chart shared by FTX gives us a picture.

FTX data

The two columns on the left are our attempt to clarify the information. FTX essentially breaks down its volume concentration into eleven tiers, with each the decadic logarithm of the previous category, with an upper limit of $30 billion.

If that made absolutely zero sense, don’t worry. The simplest way to understand this data is by ignoring the logarithms, and looking at the ranges on the left.

For example, Tier 11 accounts for the portion of FTX’s business that contributes roughly $30 billion or more in monthly volume. Tier 10 accounts for monthly volume between $3.16 billion and $31.6 billion. Tier 9 accounts for between $316 million and $3.16 billion, and so forth.

This is an unusual way to present such information, but it makes a kind of elegant sense: there’s value in knowing how much of an exchange’s volume comes from a group ten times the next largest.

With that in mind, we can see that FTX’s userbase benefits from some serious whales. More than 25% of total volume comes from a grouping that moves more than $30 billion per month. More than 50% comes from a segment that moves more than $3 billion. This is a market designed for those with considerable appetites.

As indicated by the presence of the Turkish lira on its fiat exchange, FTX has a global userbase. Reviewing data from March of this year, Turkey is actually FTX’s largest market from a userbase perspective, with more than 20% coming from the country. Others in the top ten including Korea, Gibraltar, Australia, China, and Japan.

(Aside: we couldn’t confirm that “GBR” referred to Gibraltar, but since the United Kingdom receives a separate entity, this seemed the likeliest conclusion.)

FTX data

These shares change when analyzing on a volume basis. Most volume comes from institutions, which FTX doesn’t nationalize. Beyond that though, most trading comes from Taiwan, followed by China, and Hong Kong. This breakdown indicates that FTX’s power base is really in Asia, with Singapore and Korea also included.

FTX data

Finally, looking at revenue by country, we get yet another view. Though there are fewer Korean than Turkish users, for example, they are the biggest revenue contributors. Switzerland, Australia, Gibraltar, and Canada round out the top five. We can assume that users in these countries are comparatively active and engage in costlier trades.

FTX data

It is perhaps telling that the United States is not included in this analysis.

Given the intensity of SBF’s schedule, it’s perhaps to be expected that the rest of FTX operates with similar ferocity. One source noted, “I’ve never seen a team that loves working somewhere so much. They work so fucking hard."

We spoke enough about SBF in Part One, so today we’ll focus on other key players before touching on FTX’s culture, and finally, employee leverage.

Next to SBF, FTX’s most significant leaders are Gary Wang (CTO) and Nishad Singh (VP of Engineering).

Per one of the company’s employees, Wang was SBF’s roommate at MIT, where the pair developed a close friendship. After graduation, Wang worked at Google, building the company’s Flights product. One source indicated they believed Gary had actually joined Google after his startup in the travel space was acquired, though we’ve been unable to verify that point.

Regardless, that stint gave Wang experience building high-traffic systems that require low latency — certainly relevant in building an exchange.

Zane Tackett, an FTX employee, described Wang as a reserved presence who earns respect through the calibre of his work. A “savant-level” engineer, Wang is famed for spinning up FTX’s risk engine in a matter of weeks, an insane feat. The core of the system is still used today.

Nishad Singh provides a solid counterbalance. If Wang is reserved, Singh is a more hands-on presence. While Wang often operates as an individual contributor, Singh runs the engineering team.

As we mentioned last week, Singh attended the same high school as SBF, though it’s unclear how close the pair were during that period. From even that early age, Singh showed signs he was uncommonly determined and ambitious, necessary features to work at FTX. Indeed, as a young man, Singh set the world record for the fastest 100-mile run completed by a 16-year-old.

Both Wang and Singh are said to share SBF’s interest in effective altruism, giving the trio a partially shared worldview.

After Wang and Singh, FTX relies on functional leadership from Sina Nader (COO of FTX.us), Brett Harrison (President of FTX.us), and Dan Friedberg (General Counsel).

It represented something of a coup when Nader left his role running Robinhood’s crypto division to join FTX. While the initial expectation was that Nader would run the company’s US subsidiary, he ended up in the role of Dealmaker-in-Chief. As we’ll discuss further, FTX has embarked on a rather remarkable BD spree, minting partnerships with major sports leagues like the MLB. Much of that is spearheaded by Nader.

Slipping into the space vacated by Nader is Brett Harrison. Formerly of Jane Street, one source described Harrison as SBF’s “old boss.” Harrison is the point person on FTX.us, a role he seems well-suited for given his time building trading systems at Jane Street, Headlands Technologies, and Citadel Securities.

Though a less-heralded addition, the hiring of Dan Friedberg as GC may prove particularly critical. While FTX has stayed mostly under-the-radar to date, its size (and attention-grabbing advertising deals) means it can expect to attract real regulatory attention. That will keep the former Fenwick & West partner busy in the years to come.

Will Friedberg be up the task? He has been active in discussing the legal ramifications of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for several years which should provide ample experience. In the process, though, he’s attracted ire from bitcoin supporters who allege professional involvement with Ultimate Bet and Absolute Poker, two entities that were shutdown by the DoJ for illegal gambling practices. We were unable to confirm the veracity of this suggestion, or the extent of Freidberg’s involvement, but it’s a story worth watching. Ultimately, successful navigation of the US market may depend in large part on his reputation and savvy.

To understand FTX’s culture, you have to first grasp what the company is not. In particular, SBF’s firm seems to sit in opposition to Coinbase.

Over the last few years, Coinbase has effectively geared itself to build trust. It has become the most recognizable exchange in the US by moving slowly but carefully, while maintaining an easy to use application. In many respects, it operates like a classic large Silicon Valley company, sourcing talent from the same pool of elite businesses: Facebook, Google, Airbnb and so on.

FTX is geared for speed. Everything the firm does seems to be toward this end. Rather than hiring tenured Big Tech engineers, used to the sanity and balance of working at an established corporation, FTX favors young, hungry, Wall Street types. In addition to being willing to work extremely hard, these individuals have the benefit of context. This was something SBF stressed in our conversation: FTX strongly prefers hiring people that actually understand the product and genuinely know trading. The result is a culture more similar to an East Coast quant fund than a Valley startup.

This preference for employees that know the work manifests in the organization structure, too. SBF remarked that he is “skeptical” of roles like that of a “project manager.” As he explained, he favors putting managerial power in the hands of those contributing to a given task, rather than sitting one or more abstractions away. Doing so risks miscommunication or misguidance — it’s hard to provide sound advice when there’s insufficient understanding of the core problem.

As with the company’s predilection for hiring traders, the goal here is to reduce latency. Those best equipped to move fast in solving a problem are — for FTX, at least — those that truly understand it.

Perhaps the most striking part of FTX’s management is the leverage it has achieved. With just 82 employees, the company is able to operate one of the world’s largest crypto exchanges, ship new products at a pace only Binance matches, and sign a string of buzzy partnerships.

This is ludicrous. A few points of comparison:

FTX is wildly efficient with each employee supporting $2.7 billion in monthly volume. That’s more than 110x volume per Coinbase team member, eclipsing Binance, Kraken, and Uniswap, too. Only BitMEX with its 13 employees surpasses FTX in this regard.

Maybe even more crazily, FTX relies on just a handful of engineers. How many?

Six.

No, that's not a typo, but the actual dev headcount shared by an FTX employee.

A platform that moves hundreds of billions in volume every month is built and maintained by a crew the size of an ice-hockey first team.

There is something fitting about a company that profits from providing leveraged products benefiting from it itself.

In reviewing FTX’s internal data, we can get a detailed picture of the company’s growth, revenue mix, and retention. All figures, unless explicitly noted, were up to date as of June 21, 2021.

Like the rest of the crypto market, FTX benefited from a bumper year. This was true from a user, volume and revenue perspective.

Daily active users rose from an average of 2,032 in 2019 to 14,922 in 2020. That represented a 634% (!) jump. The company has managed to maintain a torrid pace in 2021, with daily active users averaging 60,753, a 2,890% increase from 2019, and up 307% from the prior year’s average.

FTX data

Weekly and monthly active user numbers saw similar growth. This was, of course, helped by massive growth in total registrations. FTX went from 74,000 users in June of 2020 to 1.2 million a year later. That’s a 1521% increase. It is, genuinely, a quite mind-boggling rise.

As you’d expect, volume has moved in tandem. The daily average moved nearly 600% between 2019 and 2020, surpassing $1 billion. It has effectively 11x from that base in 2021, reaching a $10.9 billion daily average.

FTX data

This flow has been split across FTX’s different venues. The company breaks out volume on both FTX.us and Blockfolio, giving us a sense of the flow these platforms see. As a note, this data spans a shorter time frame, from late January through mid June of this year.

FTX data

We can see that Blockfolio’s highest daily volume was just $25 million over that period, an indication of the novelty of a feature that was only added in 2021. FTX.us is seeing considerably higher volume, cresting $600 million.

Both have little impact on total trading volume. FTX.us drove less than 1% of volume over the period demonstrated, while Blockfolio contributed 0.036%. FTX’s business is, for now at least, firmly ex-US.

An interesting sidenote regarding FTX’s volume is Alameda’s declining share. At the start of 2020, roughly 45% of flow came from the fund — that dropped rapidly, starting in March of that year. As of June 2021, Alameda contributes just 5%, a strong indication that FTX has successfully diversified its sources of liquidity.

FTX data

Finally, we can turn to revenue. FTX’s average daily revenue was $40,437 in 2019, rising to $237,616 the following year. By 2021, that figure had surpassed $2.2 million, a casual 840% increase. That put the business at a $803 million revenue run rate, without factoring in further growth. While it’s unlikely FTX will be able to scale at quite the same pace, management is certainly not letting up. SBF has publicly noted he expects revenue to surpass $1 billion in 2021.

FTX data

Where does this revenue come from?

Like other exchanges, FTX makes money from a range of sources including fees on futures trades, fees on spot trades, and interest. We can see that over time, the company has successfully diversified revenue, growing spot revenue, for example. Even recent purchase Blockfolio seems to be contributing, certainly beyond what one might have expected given its volume. "Other" revenue presumably captures smaller plays like NFT sales.

FTX data

Related to the mix shown above, FTX shared data related to their fees. Over time, the company seems to have reduced fees on its global platform to roughly 0.02%.

FTX data

It's notable that the FTX.us regularly charges 5-10x that amount, roughly 0.2%. Blockfolio’s fees come in even higher, around 0.8%. This goes some way to explaining how the division seems to have outperformed volume from a revenue perspective.

FTX data

While FTX will likely reduce fees on Blockfolio and the US exchange as volume increases, growing these properties could meaningfully grow revenue.

One of the most expressive moments of my conversation with SBF came when asking about retention. He responded, forcefully:

FTX’s numbers indicate that obsession is paying off. Most cohorts, particularly those from 2019, increase their volume traded over time, often significantly. The May 2019 grouping, for example, traded 580% more volume in May of 2021, as it did in May of 2020.

FTX data

Is this growing volume the result of broad customer retention, or whales moving more of their trades through FTX? Looking at retention among monthly active traders, suggests it’s the latter.

While early cohorts have seen reasonable gains (May 2019 grew 48% between 2020 and 2021), they don’t compare to the growth in volume. More recent cohorts appear to be moderately declining.

SBF has previously said that FTX is in a position to grow off its balance sheet. While The Generalist’s information is limited here, we have secured some indications.

Specifically, 2021 average expenses are listed as $428,610 per day, an annual run rate of $156 million. That represents a 421% increase over 2020. Given volume grew 11x and revenue surpassed an 8x increase, FTX appears to be operating within its means, at least from these rough figures.

What accounted for the jump in expenses? We don’t know, but we can make a solid guess: marketing.

On June 4, FTX’s team made an announcement: they had just bought the naming rights to the Miami Heat’s stadium. For 2021, the venue previously sponsored by American Airlines would become the “FTX Arena.”

If that $135 million outlay represented a statement of intent, what has followed has only bolstered it. Two days later, FTX forked over $210 million for the naming rights to eSports Team SoloMid, with “TSM” suddenly gaining an extra three letters, becoming TSM FTX. Just three weeks after that, FTX signed a deal with Major League Baseball, the first cryptocurrency company to do so. The league’s umpires now don an FTX patch on their jersey.

FTX is taking America seriously. Recognizing it is late to the game, with Coinbase a much more established brand, FTX is willing to play aggressively, brute-forcing its way to name recognition. There’s also something illustrative about the way the company is choosing to spend its marketing budget. A few takeaways:

Bold moves like sports sponsorships have been supported by softer maneuvers. Though it’s slightly cynical to position FTX’s philanthropic efforts as “marketing,” particularly given the founders’ sincere interest in effective altruism, they nevertheless inform how users perceive business.

On this front, FTX looks like it’s taking a page out of Stripe’s book. The company has created a climate initiative of its own with a similar structure, supporting research and novel technologies.

This is joined by FTX’s giving pledge, which donates 1% of net fees to worthwhile causes. As you might expect, this seems grounded in effective altruism, with mention of effective but “unsexy” issues like deworming receiving mention. On this front, FTX seems to have done an admirable job of bringing customers along for the ride. Rather than just donating their own money, the company encourages others to join them. To date, nearly $7.5 million has been given by users, 66% of the total donated. That’s a sign the community may have adopted FTX’s values as their own.

Overall, FTX is a business hungry for attention, but with a clear point of view. We can hope the business maintains that perspective as it seeks more universal usage.

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"Crypto people think about tech. Sam thinks about CAC."

The Blockfolio acquisition is proof of that source’s appraisal. In purchasing the company for $150 million, FTX have both added to and diversified its customer base, setting itself up for a more retail-friendly future.

First, let’s take a closer look at Blockfolio’s product. Founded in 2014, the company started as a simple way to track crypto prices and the value of one’s holdings. Over time, it transformed into a fuller-featured app highlighting crypto news. It raised $17.5 million in funding prior to it’s acquisition by FTX.

Since the deal, Blockfolio has further expanded in functionality. Critically, it’s added trading functionality, meaning that you can buy and sell straight from the app.

Viewed purely from this vantage, Blockfolio wouldn’t seem to offer FTX a great deal. Price and portfolio tracking are table stakes for an exchange, and while having a well-built mobile app is valuable, it’s hard to imagine FTX couldn’t cook up something similar for considerably less than $150 million.

It’s in looking at Blockfolio’s userbase that the acquisition begins to look like a particularly shrewd move. For one thing, Blockfolio has a huge number of daily active users (DAUs). While FTX cracked 60,753 DAUs in 2021, Blockfolio averaged 821,000 between December 2020 and January 2021.

FTX data

This is an engaged group. As FTX notes in internal documentation, “The average Blockfolio user uses the app multiple times a day, for very short sessions.”

In sum, Blockfolio counts 6.5-7 million users, with the discrepancy coming from a tracking issue. Roughly 1.75 million were active in 2020.

Critically, the demographics of this userbase differ from FTX’s. While the latter has built up strong usage in Asia, Blockfolio’s customers are mostly North American and European. The US is the company’s biggest stronghold, contributing 18%. The Netherlands (6.41%), United Kingdom (5.96%), Germany (5.74%), and Russia (3.74%) complete the top five.

What does this all add up to?

FTX essentially purchased 6.5 million users for $150 million — a CAC of $23. While we can’t expect Blockfolio to pull in the trading revenue of FTX straight away, we know that the average monthly revenue per retail user for the latter is $337. If Blockfolio can get into the same ballpark as that sum, this deal will be a steal. The payback period would be a grand total of two days. Even if we imagine that FTX only had use for Blockfolio’s US customers — of which there are 1.17 million, CAC would come in at a palatable $128.

The contours of an intriguing M&A strategy can be seen here. Companies that amass large userbases often struggle to monetize effectively. Sure, a company like Blockfolio could run ads or a subscription program, but it’s hard to compete with the lucrativeness of trading. In time, we may see FTX pick up more companies that boast large userbases but low ARPU. We’ll talk more about this next week.

Ultimately, it’s not hard to see how Blockfolio compliments FTX. In addition to adding an intuitive, consumer-friendly app under its wing, FTX adds a large and engaged userbase in geographies it has scarcely penetrated. The company has effectively added a crypto onramp in key markets, with the US especially notable. That could prove particularly vital as FTX gears up for fiercer competition.

An internal document shared by leadership outlines who FTX considers its largest competitors. While many are to be expected, others offer an intriguing indication of the company’s plans.

Those listed:

The most noticeable absence from the list is Binance, followed by Gemini and Robinhood. Bakkt is a surprising inclusion given their much smaller size. From the list above, we can see that FTX has an interest in traditional banking (Revolut), crypto interest accounts (BlockFi), and sports betting (DraftKings).

How does FTX compare to this peer set?

FTX data, and public data on other companies

King of volume Binance may be most similar to FTX. Both offer access to a large range of assets and markets. The companies have also taken roughly equivalent approaches, prioritizing speed over compliance. Both now seem to be changing their tune, though Binance seems to be struggling — on Friday, Brian Brooks resigned from his post as CEO of BinanceUS. As the former head of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, it was assumed Brooks would be the person to shepherd Binace toward compliance. A departure due to "differences over strategic direction" suggests choppy waters lie ahead. FTX will hope it is able to make a smoother transition.

As a derivatives-focused exchange, BitMEX represents another interesting comparison. As you’ll remember from Race Capital’s memo, this was FTX’s initial swimlane, though they have since expanded.

Despite launching in 2014, 5 years before FTX, BitMEX now trails the newcomer’s volume by more than 5x the volume. The company has also been beleaguered by regulatory issues with founder Arthur Hayes awaiting federal prosecution on charges of failing to effectively protect against money laundering. That serves as a cautionary tale for FTX, but gives greater room to maneuver for the time being.

Coinbase, Kraken, eToro, Bakkt, Robinhood can also be considered direct competitors, though they do not match up perfectly. Only some of these companies offer crypto futures, and Robinhood is, of course, best known for equities and options investing.

For the sake of parsimony, let’s focus on Coinbase. As the exchange generating most revenue, the company feels like a particularly interesting foil to FTX. What is perhaps most striking is just how much more prolific FTX seems to be from a product perspective. While Coinbase could once consider itself a true innovator, the last few years have given in the slouch of a laggard. What meaningful additions have been shipped over the past year or so? The company trails many less mature in terms of assets listed. Many offer features the old dog has yet to add. That leadership seems unconcerned only compounds the problem.

This is perhaps the second most significant difference between Coinbase and FTX: management. For all he got right, questions persist about Brian Armstrong’s ability to steward a company of Coinbase’s size. At several points in the company’s history, he’s revealed a weak grip, allowing ambitious lieutenants like Balaji Srinivasan and Asiff Hirji to empire-build. That has been enabled by a fuzzy vision for Coinbase’s next ten or more years.

Though we might worry about SBF’s durability or high risk tolerance, no one would complain that FTX’s founder suffers from a lack of vision, or the chutzpah to bring it to life.

Where FTX does fall short compared to these exchanges is on design. For all its volume, FTX is a fairly drab patch of pixels. That is perhaps the downside of hiring Wall Streeters rather than Xooglers. While Coinbase and Kraken have beautiful, intuitive consumer-grade apps, FTX still feels wonkish. The Blockfolio buy helps here, but the entire product could benefit from fresh paint and revamped flows.

Coinbase also offers some compelling features for enterprises and developers, particularly through products like Bison Trails. While FTX has surpassed Coinbase in some respects, there’s more to be done to reach true feature parity with crypto’s most trusted on-ramp.

Uniswap and Sushiswap compete as DEXs, substitutes for FTX and direct competition for Serum. Will DEXs take over from centralized exchanges like FTX, Coinbase, and Kraken? It seems possible, if at least a few years off. The creation of Serum suggests FTX considers such an occurrence plausible and that it’s happy to hedge its bets. But Serum sits far beyond the biggest DEXs as things stand. Per Coinmarketcap’s ranking at the time of writing, Serum sits 23rd by daily volume, just above BakerySwap and below PancakeSwap. While Uniswap V3 processed $1.7 billion, Serum handled just $21 million.

There’s, of course, time to make up ground, and few would bet against the FTX team. But for now, the company is a minor player in the niche realm of DEXs.

We are left with the remnants, the clues. Where does FTX stand relative to Revolut? How about DraftKings? For now, at least, comparisons are all theoretical. Could FTX segue into sports betting? We’ll be exploring precisely these questions in Part Three.

We can use the data provided in the previous section to compare FTX to its peers on a valuation basis.

FTX private data, and public data on other companies

At 18x revenue run rate, FTX ends up looking rather reasonable, at least at first blush. While it’s a considerable mark-up over Coinbase, it compares favorably to Bakkt (75x), Uniswap (20x), and BlockFi (50x).

Do these companies have better margins than FTX? Are they growing faster? While we can assume all benefited from the crypto boom, FTX’s growth rate is truly bonkers — average daily revenue is up 840% YoY. It’s hard to imagine that Bakkt, which seems to have much less clear product market fit, has outperformed this benchmark.

Looking at valuation relative to average daily volume surfaces further information. While this metric probably isn’t that interesting in isolation, it allows for intriguing comparisons. For example, FTX is valued at 2.5x average daily volume, while Coinbase is just a touch below 30x.

What explains the difference?

Clearly, looking at revenue, Coinbase is more successful in extracting revenue from the volume it facilitates. That is likely down to its elevated fees, at least in significant part. Kraken seems to be valued similarly on this front.

Could FTX increase its take rate and keep its volume? Maybe. But fees can be competed away. And the company seems to be playing a different game. Rather than optimizing for the skim it can take, FTX seems to want to bring as much volume as possible onto the platform, and then layer on ways to earn. (In this respect, it’s not unlike Nubank’s playbook in the neobank space). The thinking is that if FTX has the most robust, liquid exchange, it will become the natural home for all manner of other financial relationships including stock trading, saving, payments, and so on.

That might mean the company doesn’t have quite as aggressive a fee structure, but there’s the value of its volume. Despite its dramatic leap in valuation in 2021, FTX looks undervalued in many respects.

Of course, FTX could still fail to live up to its potential. Though impressive across many dimensions, the company is not immune from risk. In many respects, it has increased its jeopardy by dint of its strategic decision-making. Like the unlucky speedrunner, FTX may find it has moved so fast it has forgotten to pick up items it will need down the line. At a certain moment, the company may find its resources lacking, facing a debt it cannot pay.

In particular, FTX could face damaging regulatory action, a PR fallout, or it may miss a fundamental shift in the ecosystem. Here’s how things might go south.

"I have no idea how there's been no regulatory action against them," one source said. The thrust of this crypto investor’s confusion was that FTX doesn’t always seem to have played by the rules.

One example that this source gave was FTX’s offering of tokenized securities. Depending on the jurisdiction, offering stocks (even of the synthetic kind), is only permitted from appropriately regulated businesses. Per this individual, FTX seems to lack this approval in key markets.

Will FTX manage to correct such oversights before regulators catch the company in their crosshairs?

The US will be of particular concern. FTX has shown it considers the market of great importance, spending extravagantly on marketing and acquisitions. But new SEC Chief Gary Gensler has thus far taken an aggressive stance towards the crypto sector, which he’s referred to as the “wild west.” Many are bracing for stricter rules and closer scrutiny.

Other regulators have also shown a willingness to suit up, of late. In July, New Jersey’s Attorney General hit out at BlockFi, stopping it from operating in the state. The AG noted that the company was selling securities to customers in New Jersey without complying with its securities laws.

Will others follow suit? FTX’s expansive, risk-loving product suite and off-shore roots may mark them out for examination.

For now, FTX seems to be doing everything in its power to mitigate the risk of incurring regulatory ire. This latest funding round seems at least partially motivated by a desire to bring aboard some of the world’s most influential financiers including Sequoia Capital, Softbank, and Third Point. These funds have deep experience navigating regulatory uncertainty and should provide vital guidance.

SBF himself seems to be taking the matter seriously, and just as critically, taking it seriously in a highly visible manner. In a recent interview, he mentioned that he was spending 5 hours a day on regulatory issues and was eager to collaborate with different regulatory bodies. He has hired staff around him to bolster these efforts, not least GC Dan Friedberg. This proactive stance is a very different attitude than, say, BitMEX’s Arthur Hayes, who historically treated such bodies as disruptive interlopers.

Finally, though not a panacea, it doesn’t hurt that SBF has shown an interest in the current administration. He donated $5.2 million to Biden’s campaign in 2020, making him the sitting president’s second-largest donor, behind only Michael Bloomberg.

Can this money buy meaningful influence? It seems unlikely. But as FTX looks to win over new markets and protect its existing business, the company is jockeying on multiple fronts. It is possible it still may not be enough.

Over the course of a year or so, Robinhood managed to go from rebel-darling to societal leech in the court of public opinion. Once lauded for its innovative, zero-commission model, the exchange has encountered successive waves of censure.

Among its failures: the gamification of trading, the provision of leverage to amateur investors, the reliance on a business model tied to high-risk, high-frequency investing. Once seen as empowering a new generation of investors, the company has increasingly been cast as a dopamine-jacking social product. Whether either caricature is fair is besides the point; even tech’s darlings can be cancelled.

FTX will need to be careful it does not fall into the same trap. In many respects, it bears the markings of a prime target. The company offers high-leverage, speculative investing with little to no training required. It is pursuing a mass market, particularly thanks to its sports’ affiliations. It doesn’t take a great leap of the imagination to see how this combination could create problems with unsophisticated investors lured by leverage into making financially disastrous decisions.

To protect against pushback, FTX should invest in user education, as well as constructing its product in such a way that unprofessional investors understand the stakes of the bets they are making.

Like every other company in the space, FTX’s prosperity is highly correlated to the success of the broader crypto sector. As anyone who has observed the space will know, this is a highly volatile market that can swing from blazing heat to a frigid chill in a matter of hours. The winter that follows can last a long time.

Barring a total meltdown of the sector, it’s hard to imagine that FTX wouldn’t survive a constriction. The company is well-capitalized, and seemingly operating within its means. That suggests it would be able to make it to the next crypto spring. Indeed, it might even be positioned to capitalize on a cooldown, siphoning volume from smaller exchanges, and picking up distressed assets that expand the product suite. Still, it remains a possibility.

On this front, FTX seems to be repositioning itself proactively. I’ll share more thoughts next week, but a move into sports betting, for example, would loosen the company’s correlation with crypto and ensure a steady source of revenue regardless of the price of bitcoin.

Perhaps more worrying is the possibility we mooted earlier: a shift in usage towards DEXs. This seems feasible. After all, crypto’s foundational tenet is a belief in decentralization. As the market matures, why would its biggest believers want to enrich and empower a traditional entity?

While FTX does have Serum, its mere association hardly makes it feel free, or grassroots. And, as we’ve noted, the DEX lags many others. How can the company help itself here?

For now, it seems to be making all the right moves. And thanks to Alameda’s expansive investing practice, FTX will always have a first look at the most interesting companies being built which might renovate their own business — either through imitation or acquisition.

FTX is a company built to outrun the clock.

In its first two years of existence, it amassed a large dedicated audience, hosted massive volume, and generated impressive revenue. The exchange has forced innovation in the crypto space, and now seems set to evangelize its gospel to a larger audience.

But what if company building isn’t a speedrun?

Over the coming years, FTX will need to learn how to modulate between velocity and control, trade chaos for deliberation, and occasionally, slow down to ensure it doesn’t crash.

Come join us for Part Three. You won't want to miss it.

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‍FTX is set to be one of the most consequential companies of the next decade. The cryptocurrency exchange has risen to prominence in a little over two years, securing an $18 billion valuation. It’s done so through insane speed, balanced aggression, product innovation, and a unique culture. Over the next three briefings, we’ll unpack the man at the helm, the company itself, and its future. This is Part One.

Sam Bankman-Fried is a master of risk.

Like few others, FTX’s CEO exhibits an understanding of the dimensions of jeopardy and an ability to bend it to his favor. Only the world’s exceptional investors and founders — the likes of Warren Buffett and Steve Jobs ​​— exhibit this genius durably. While Bankman-Fried has yet to prove his longevity in this regard, his early performance marks him out as a rare talent.

That is just one of the reasons the founder of a leading crypto exchange and its most influential investment firm seems perfectly suited to his current role. In a single package, Bankman-Fried appears to combine the juridical savvy of a creative regulator, the intuition of an elite trader, and the velocity of a fourth Collison brother reared exclusively on Ritalin.

That constellation has contributed to one of the most impressive entrepreneurial stints in modern memory. In his first three years leading FTX, Bankman-Fried has managed to balance peril while moving at extraordinary speed, akin to racing a Harley across a highwire.

Of course, the company is not across the chasm. Few other sectors carry the regulatory hazards of crypto, let alone its rate of change. But in Bankman-Fried, the company has an ideal leader: a CEO wise to the hazards but bold enough to step on the gas. It is perhaps an added bonus that in his sleeplessness and idiosyncrasy, he is a suitable avatar for the crypto market in which he operates.

Today, in Part 1 of the FTX Trilogy, we’ll outline his origins, before peering into his mind.

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Sam Bankman-Fried (SBF) was born on March 6, 1992, in Santa Clara County, California. The son of two Stanford Law professors, Barbara Fried and Joseph Bankman, SBF was raised in a highly intellectual environment. That would have a significant impact on his later thinking, as we will go on to discuss.

In 2010, SBF matriculated to MIT to study physics. As he tells it, he arrived as “sort of a math nerd.” During his first couple of years, he considered pursuing a career in academia, thinking of becoming a math professor. After realizing he took little joy in formal research, he expanded his horizons. Specifically, he looked for something that would suit his skills and merit his efforts:

Convinced by the idea that racking up a considerable salary that could be redirected to philanthropy was his best path to impact, SBF spent the summer of his junior year interning at Jane Street Capital. A few friends had interned there previously and said “moderately good things.”

Founded in 1999, Jane Street had risen to become one of the largest and best-respected quantitative trading firms in the world. It has maintained both that reputation and scale: in 2020, the firm traded $17 trillion in securities.

An enjoyable summer stint led to a full-time job after SBF graduated in 2014. It proved a good fit. SBF reveled in being surrounded by a “bunch of nerds” intent on surfacing and executing sharp trade ideas. He focused on international ETFs, a slightly exotic flavor that presaged some of his more eye-catching later work in the Asian crypto markets.

Though he describes Jane Street as a sterling employer, after three and a half years, the young financier decided it was time to build something of his own. He remembered his rationale at the time:

However optimistic he might have been, even SBF must have been surprised at the scale and speed of his success. After leaving Jane Street in 2017, he spent time thinking through potential opportunities. Intrigued by the crypto boom gripping the markets at the end of that year, he turned his mind to the emerging ecosystem.

As he began to study the market, SBF’s trading instincts began to hit overdrive:

That interest turned into an obsession when SBF recognized the arbitrage opportunities between US and Asian crypto markets. Because of differences in demand, currencies like bitcoin traded at much higher prices in Korea. This “kimchi premium,” as it was called, sometimes reached 50%, presenting what looked like a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. In theory, at least, an investor could buy bitcoin for $5,000 on an American exchange, then immediately flip it for $7,500 in Korea.

While others spotted this inefficiency and sought to capitalize on it, SBF was quick to recognize its limitations. Because the Korean won was a restricted currency, the size of the opportunity was constrained. You could make money, certainly, but deploying hundreds of millions, repeatably, was infeasible. He looked for something bigger.

Though less eye-catching, SBF realized that the Japanese market had similar characteristics to the Korean one. Net buying of bitcoin was high, resulting in a 10-15% premium on domestic exchanges. Critically, the Japanese yen was not a restricted currency, making it possible to put real money to work. That didn’t mean it was easy — it required a complex web of intermediaries and “looked like money laundering.”

Based on SBF Odd Lots interview

Seeing an opportunity to make “10% per weekday” by purchasing bitcoin in the US and selling it in Japan, SBF sprung into action. Along with Gary Wang, a former Google engineer and MIT alum, and Nishad Singh, a fresh computer science graduate from Berkeley and high school acquaintance, SBF raised the money to start Alameda Research, a quantitative trading firm. It was, in essence, and ambition, Jane Street for crypto.

The earnings from the Japanese arbitrage were just as ludicrous as SBF had imagined. With a $200 million fund secured, Alameda deployed and redeployed that money in the bitcoin markets, earning 10% — or $20 million — every day.

But SBF was not content to count his winnings and ride into the sunset. Roughly a year after founding Alameda, he and his team began considering an even more significant opportunity: building a cryptocurrency exchange.

The state of the art was poor, SBF felt. In running Alameda, he’d come to appreciate just how much room for improvement there was in the underdeveloped world of crypto. Indeed, despite what Coinbase and others might have marketed at the time, true institutional-grade trading was a ways off, particularly for those interested in more complex securities. BitMEX provided access to derivatives, for example, but like many others, it was prone to outages and other performance issues. With their hands-on experience, SBF felt the Alameda team could create an exchange made for professional investors like them.

In late 2018, SBF, Wang, and Singh began work on FTX, an exchange “by traders, for traders.”

There was a problem, though: the US was a hostile environment in which to build a crypto derivatives exchange. Domestic regulators had shown skepticism toward the emerging asset class, with particular enmity aimed at more speculative investments. The SEC, for example, had (reasonably) dampened the ICO craze in early 2018, and warned it was keeping a close eye on exchanges over the course of that year.

As the team formulated a plan of attack, SBF made a decision: FTX would be incorporated in Antigua and Barbuda, and headquartered in the comparatively crypto-friendly city of Hong Kong. It represented a significant move, requiring relocation for Wang, Singh, and other vital players.

It didn’t seem to slow development, though. In May of 2019, FTX officially opened its doors for trading. In the two years since it has grown into an $18 billion business, and one of the most popular exchanges in the world.

While so much of that is down to the product itself as well as corporate strategy, SBF’s role can not be understated. To understand what FTX is, and what it might become, we have to not only know its founder’s biography but try and grasp what truly makes him tick.

There is something nearly unconscionable about undertaking a profile. Not only does it require the writer to observe the subject with slavish obsession — breathlessly scrawling each stirring phrase, eavesdropping on every previous interview — it invites a nosiness that may only sometimes intersect with deep understanding. How much can we learn from a short conversation? How inquisitive is it reasonable to be in a first meeting? And what insight can we glean from life’s sediments? Is there value in the old tweet, bouncy CNBC section, long podcast, surprise poem?

The ends only partially justify the means.

After all, most of the time, the subject observes, too. Even if you are not in direct conversation with them, you may as well have been. Someone like you was, after all. Aware of that attention, the modern executive cannot help but direct the discussion toward talking points, the familiar rut of an established narrative. If the observer’s job is to sketch a portrait, the subject’s is to guide their hand.

I am particularly worried about this in studying Sam Bankman-Fried. This is no slight against him. He is an uncommonly accessible, friendly executive — within minutes of chatting on Twitter, we arranged a call. He has been generous with time and information. Rather, it’s an admission of the fact that prior coverage has contoured his story, set a narrative. Every article discussing the man flits through the same three-step: he is young and very rich! He sleeps on a bean bag in his office! He cares about the world!

These are all true or seem to be. And we will predictably speak of them, too. But beneath (and beyond) these recitations of SBF, is the sense of a vast hinterland. Of someone with a deep intellectual and emotional life that is hard to tap, perhaps even for those close to him.

I have done my best to play the filching voyeur. But I have no definitive explanations for you, no magical secret that unlocks SBFs psyche. Just an attempt to understand, however flawed the mission. In particular, I’d like to investigate four traits I believe shade his character:

I will look to assess the tradeoffs of these characteristics, along with their strengths.

Given his interest in fantasy games like League of Legends, I feel reasonably confident hazarding that at some point in his life, SBF has dabbled in Dungeons & Dragons. For those that have yet to while away an afternoon, evening, and night engrossed in the role-playing game, the basic idea is to create a character of one’s own, then undertake a quest alongside the rest of your party.

In devising a character, players are asked to choose a race (human or elf, for example), an occupation (rogue or wizard), and an alignment. This final decision requires the participant to determine the moral and ethical outlook of their character along two axes: lawfulness to chaos and evil to good. The options look like this:

WYNC

Someone like Captain America is a classic example of a character with a lawful good alignment. He plays by the rules and is motivated by philanthropic desires. Someone like the Joker, by contrast, is an example of chaotic evil. He just wants to watch the world burn.

SBF may be the most chaotic good founder on the planet. It’s clear that he’s driven, in some respects at least, by altruism. But the manner in which he operates FTX demonstrates a willingness to play fast, just within the boundaries.

Let’s unpack his positioning on both axes, beginning with the good.

As mentioned, SBF has shown a sincere interest in altruism that predates his wealth. Before starting Alameda, he spent a couple of months serving as a director at The Centre for Effective Altruism. Today, FTX commits to giving 1% of its net fees to charity, a sum that has surpassed $10 million to date.

SBF’s grounding in moral philosophy can be traced back to his parents. A keen interest in ethics is apparent in the work of both academics, though it is particularly prominent in Barbara Fried’s. In one of her most notable papers, “What Does it Matter?...”, she dissects the limitations of one of moral philosophy’s memes: the trolley problem. Though it would represent too much of a detour to fully unpack Fried’s argument, the work harmonizes with our discursion in its discussion of probability in ethical decision-making. There is a symmetry here: just as her son has proven adept at interpreting the intangible world of financial risk, Barbara Fried illustrates expertise in untangling the haziness of morality.

In our discussion, SBF noted his interest in the work of Peter Singer, and early utilitarian Jeremy Bentham. SBF’s decision to become a vegan echoes utilitarianism’s analytical approach to morality:

SBF’s ethos is not merely abstract or disconnected from the world in which he operates. He has also demonstrated a sense of duty to the crypto ecosystem, best shown by his willingness to step into an interim leadership role at SushiSwap. When “Chef Nomi,” the creator of the decentralized exchange fled the project with tokens in tow, SBF stepped into the power vacuum and steadied the ship. When I asked him about this he referred to it as a “time of need type of thing.” He added:

It’s easy, in the face of his good-spirited acts, to overdetermine SBF’s motivations. Many media outlets cast his story as a quasi-messianic quest situated within a capitalist framework. But that is a disservice to the reality of company building. Though having a higher mission helps, the long hours and constant stress are hard to sustain if not driven by genuine interest. While SBF is admirably morally aware, we don’t need to burden his company with the holier-than-thou trappings favored by nonsense-peddlers like the founders of WeWork or Goop. FTX is a business, and it is run by a businessman.

The second part of SBF’s “choatic good” alignment, of course, is the preference for chaos. This manifests on both an individual and organizational level.

SBF seems to thrive in disorder. On the day I spoke with him, he mentioned that I was his sixteenth meeting. He ran me through them:

That’s four legal discussions, three interviews, two investment assessments, one potential acquisition, and a smattering of other matters.

As he told me, SBF likes this level of activity. “That’s intentional,” he said, “There’s a ton going on constantly.” He manages this disarray thanks to his natural gifts as well as a worrying work schedule. Part of SBF’s hagiography is that he sleeps as little as two hours a night, collapsing into one of the bean bag chairs positioned throughout the office. From the corner of our Zoom call, a blanket sat strewn across one of these beds. As one of his investors told me, “he responds to my texts 24 hours a day.”

Putting aside the durability of this lifestyle, SBF’s preference for chaos feels especially well-suited to the market in which he operates. Just as he illustrated in executing the Japanese cryptocurrency arbitrage with Alameda, he is at his best when things are destabilized. As the rest of the world seeks to regain its balance, floundering in the process, SBF sees clearly. He has a talent for assessing the melee, picking a path through it, and moving quickly.

Just as SBF is content to live his personal life at the edge, he’s also shown a willingness to run his companies the same way. As he noted in our conversation, "Most of life lives in the margins." Presumably, SBF believes business opportunities co-habits with it.

From FTX’s inception, he has been willing to act controversially to achieve his goals.

In preparing for this piece, I spoke with someone familiar with both Alameda and FTX’s early days. They highlighted the clear conflict of interest posed by the relationship between the two organizations. Wouldn’t FTX’s exchange favor the market maker founded by its CEO? How could other traders be sure they were receiving a fair shake?

The truth is they may not have. The individual I spoke to explained how vital Alameda had been to FTX initially, providing liquidity for the new market. What’s perhaps less clear is whether Alameda received something in return.

The source noted that FTX drew strong traffic partially because it quoted such tight markets. It seemed impossible to this person that a market maker could actually make money on such spreads, which suggested one of two things were going on: either, Alameda played on a level playing field with others and lost money (essentially subsidizing FTX), or the firm received some kind of advantage. This might have been a first look at the exchange’s trading volume, for example.

None of this is illegal, but it’s thorny territory. So far, it has proven worth the risk. SBF has driven both organizations to new peaks. As time passes, Alameda and FTX seem to be growing increasingly independent, perhaps diminishing potential conflicts of interest. But the willingness to operate at the limit of acceptability tells us something about SBF’s orientation and his desire to win, however turbulently.

As this might suggest, the chaotic good alignment comes with foibles, of course.

SBF’s exertion levels may be necessary for the moment, but it does not seem sustainable. Only genetic anomalies are able to consistently operate in a sleep deficit. Is SBF one of them? Old friends and family will know best. Given coverage of this issue seems to stem exclusively from FTX, I would assume he is not among the insomnious few.

Though overly macho investors often insist founders grit their way through such pesky physical limitations, our biology demands tend to catch up with us. The stress of building a generational business serves only to exacerbate the potential for burnout.

Perhaps the greater risk is that SBF flies FTX too close to the sun. The fear here is that in his desire to succeed, SBF guides the company over some real or perceived boundary. When I asked one crypto investor about FTX’s regulatory risk, for example, they responded, “Will they face penalties at some point? Probably.” They continued by remarking that it would make little to no difference to the company’s trajectory, in their estimation.

While every executive is capable of a misstep, it’s clear SBF is aware of his business’s risk. That makes it hard to visualize a truly catastrophic gaffe. Though he may be chaotic, SBF is also calculated.

Part of the reason SBF has been able to manage this level of input is that he seems to have elite processing power. I get the sense that part of the reason he is happy to have sixteen meetings in a single day is that his brain almost...needs it? While the rest of us might be glad to have a couple of projects on which to direct our attention, depending on our mood, SBF appears to crave a dozen or more.

As it stands, he is the head of three organizations: Alameda, FTX, and Serum, a decentralized exchange spun out of FTX. While he noted that he is less active at Alameda these days, it is nevertheless an incredible amount of context switching to manage. This is without even including his stint at SushiSwap, of course.

SBF has spoken about his abilities in this area, also articulating its tradeoffs. In a tweet thread from February of this year, he shares a little of how his mind works:

The trade-off is not that SBF has a “relatively small hard drive,” by his reckoning. Indeed it only becomes clear later in the thread. In explaining why he often plays online battle game League of Legends, SBF notes:

It is an almost beautiful text when read in another context, away from the dopamine bait of social media. Barbara Fried, an accomplished poet as well as professor, would find music in her son’s arrangement. But it’s clear that though SBF has supernatural abilities when it comes to processing speed, it may contribute to exhaustion. Again, the imperative here is that investors and leadership ensure sufficient resources are allocated to reduce the strain on FTX’s founder.

One of my favorite quotes comes from Machiavelli’s The Prince:

SBF exemplifies this approach. You get the sense that every opinion has been constructed from scratch, rather than borrowed offhand from some prior teacher.

At one point in our conversation, he mentioned how, for example, he was ill-convinced by the mantra, “it’s better to be safe than sorry.”

Is it?

As SBF asked, rhetorically, “Are you adding value in the world with that philosophy and that advice?”

It’s a small anecdote but it exemplifies the way SBF thinks and problem-solves. He shows a healthy skepticism for conventional wisdom and devises from first principles. This was a trait highlighted by one of FTX’s investors, Kyle Samani from Multicoin Capital. Samani reiterated at several points that SBF was exceptional in this regard, demonstrating an obsession with “first order correctness.” On that subject, Samani remembered a conversation in which SBF considered building Serum on Solana rather than Ethereum.

Over the course of just a thirty-minute call with Samani and Solana founder Anatoly Yakovenko (remember that rapid processing power), SBF thought through the needs of the new system, analyzing factors like optimal throughput and acceptable latency. By the end, he’d reached his decision: Serum would use Solana.

Almost all great entrepreneurs exhibit some predilection for thinking from first principles — innovation often requires looking at a problem set considered static and remixing different elements. If there is a trade-off to this approach, it’s usually speed — reframing an issue from the ground up takes time. Clearly, that doesn’t seem to be a problem for SBF.

Perhaps the highlight of my conversation with SBF was when he disappeared down a rabbit hole about perspective. We had been talking about thinkers he liked, a question that didn’t sit altogether comfortably:

He spoke, with cheery frustration, about how people often give advice when they are ill-positioned to offer it. They might assume they have a grasp on the situation and its various intricacies but actually lack the context to be useful. He noted this was one of the impediments to running an aligned team: sometimes an employee will become fixated on a problem they believe is being ignored, but has actually already been considered.

That SBF finds this irritating tells us something about him. Whenever he listens to someone, SBF seems to be mentally toggling between their perspective and a few dozen others.

Again, Samani called out this ability as a particular gift. Like no one he’s ever met, SBF is capable of jumping between the nitty-gritty details, then leaping up to macro perspective. He understands the details of every type of trade possible on FTX’s platform, while also playing pan-national chess with competitors. He appears equally able to dance between the functional perspectives of team members.

As with the previous characteristic, this talent might lead to slow decision-making in others but it doesn’t in SBF. Perhaps a more plausible risk would be that SBF expects a similar panoramic vision from other members of his team and grows frustrated when that is absent. It would be hard for anyone else in the organization to have his level of insight, particularly across different entities. Could that lead to unrest? It seems unlikely to present a meaningful problem.

It’s hard not to end a study of Sam Bankman-Fried without feeling impressed. Across my interviews with investors, crypto experts, and the man himself, I was struck by the sense that this was a special executive, and an unusual human being. One source said, entirely seriously, "Sam is the most capable human I've ever met. And that should be interpreted as broadly as possible."

Simultaneously open and enigmatic, practical and intellectual, ethically principled and operationally flexible, SBF demonstrates a rare set of characteristics almost ideal for the sector in which he works. Like few others, he seems at home amidst chaos, able to calculate and calibrate to risk’s ever-changing shape.

In FTX, he has found his cathedral. Crypto’s fastest-growing exchange is impressively creative and remarkably daring. That isn’t to say it hasn’t stoked controversy. In Part Two, we’ll explore the company’s triumphs and its vulnerabilities. For now, we can be sure it has a fitting ruler.

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